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Vor 7000 Jahren hatten Spanier noch blaue Augen

Baku, den 27. Januar (AZERTAG). Blaue Augen unter dunklem Haar: Aus einer Zahnprobe haben Forscher das Aussehen eines Europäers reproduziert, der vor 7000 Jahren lebte. Sein Erbgut zeigt auch, dass er schlecht verdauen konnte.

Ein Mann, der vor über 7000 Jahren im heutigen Nordspanien als Jäger und Sammler lebte, hatte seinen Genen nach zu urteilen dunkle Haut, dunkle Haare und blaue Augen. Dieses einzigartige Ergebnis einer genetischen Analyse zeige, dass die Europäer zu jener Zeit noch nicht überall hellhäutig waren, berichten

Wissenschaftler um Carles Lalueza-Fox vom Institut de Biologia Evolutiva in Barcelona im Fachmagazin „Nature“. Auch werde dadurch deutlich, dass sich die Augenfarbe früher verändert habe als die Hautpigmente.

Das untersuchte Genom stammt von einem Skelett, das 2006 tief in einer Höhle des Kantabrischen Gebirges bei Léon in Nordspanien gefunden worden war. Durch die gleichmäßige, kalte Umgebungstemperatur hatten sich die Knochen und Zähne gut erhalten. Die Forscher entnahmen Proben aus einem Zahn und konnten das Genom entschlüsseln. Es ist nach ihren Angaben das erste komplette Genom eines Europäers aus der Zeit vor Einführung der Landwirtschaft.

Wenig überraschend war für die Wissenschaftler, dass der Mann Stärke schlecht verdauen konnte und laktoseintolerant war. Die genetische Ausstattung der Menschen habe sich erst im Zuge der Landwirtschaft an die Ernährung mit Feldfrüchten und Milch angepasst, schreiben die Forscher.

Ähnlicher Genpool mit dem heutiger Nordeuropäer -Allerdings besaß der untersuchte Jäger und Sammler bereits ein Immunsystem, das ihn weniger empfindlich gegenüber Krankheitserregern machte, die von Tieren übertragen werden. Diese genetische Veränderung habe also offenbar bereits vor der Haltung von Vieh begonnen, heben Lalueza-Fox und seine Kollegen hervor. Bisher gingen Evolutionsbiologen davon aus, dass diese modernen Genvarianten erst mit der Viehzucht Einzug gehalten hätten.

Das Forscherteam verglich das Genom auch mit dem früherer und heutiger Menschen. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass der Jäger und Sammler mit einer Menschengruppe verwandt ist, die einst in ganz Europa und bis zum Baikalsee in Russland verbreitet gewesen sei.

Das stimme auch mit Funden kultureller Gegenstände überein, etwa Venus-Figuren, die in einem Gebiet von Westeuropa bis Sibirien gefunden worden seien, schreiben Lalueza-Fox und Kollegen. Der Genpool dieser Gruppe könnte teilweise in heutigen Nordeuropäern erhalten geblieben sein. Eine geringe genetische Verwandtschaft fanden die Wissenschaftler zu Ötzi, der vor etwa 5300 Jahren in den Alpen starb.

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