A Robotic Albatross?
Baku, July 21 (AZERTAC Oceanographer Phil Richardson formally retired in 1999, but that hardly diminished his passion and curiosity. Last year, he combined his scientific knowledge with longstanding interests in sailing and flying to show how albatrosses elegantly take advantage of winds and waves to fly long distances over the open ocean without flapping their wings. Now he is working with radio-controlled glider pilots to see if they can harness the same power source to develop a high-speed robotic albatross—an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that could soar over the ocean on surveillance, search and rescue, and environmental monitoring missions.
Richardson first became fascinated by albatrosses` spectacular swooping flight when he watched them during a 1997 research cruise in the South Atlantic Ocean to study his specialty, ocean currents. He put the idea on his bucket list, and when he had more time, he went back to figure out the physics of albatross aerodynamics.
In 2011, he published a study in the journal Progress in Oceanography, in which he examined the details of the albatrosses` strategy, a phenomenon called “dynamic soaring.” It is based on a boundary layer (called a “wind-shear layer”) that extends above the waves: Above the layer, winds pushing the waves are also blowing fast over them—progressively faster as you ascend; below the tops of the wave crests, the waves block the wind, creating a region of weak winds on their lee side.
The birds effectively harvest energy from the gradient in wind velocities. Here`s how it works: They fly from the relatively windless trough of the waves across the boundary layer into a region of much faster winds above, getting a boost in airspeed that allows them to soar 30 to 50 feet upward. Then they turn, gliding with the wind to get an additional push. They swoop downward across the wind-shear layer back into the wave trough, adding airspeed as they cross the boundary layer in reverse. They turn again toward the wind and repeat the cycle. Using this method, called “dynamic soaring,” the birds continually use the power of wind and wave, rather than their wings, to fly.
In his research, Richardson browsed for “dynamic soaring” on the Internet. He found that hobbyists who flew radio-controlled (R/C) glider planes had begun to exploit the same strategy since about 2000. Instead of waves, however, they used mountain ridges. They guided their gliders toward a ridge crossing a wind-shear boundary where winds blew fast over the ridge top. Using this technique, they dramatically accelerated their planes from previous top speeds of about 170 miles per hour to a new record of 498 mph, achieved in March 2012.
Richardson realized that these glider pilots had worked out details of high-speed dynamic soaring. He struck up correspondence with them and was invited to watch them flying their aircraft at Weldon Mountain, a mecca for R/C glider pilots above Lake Isabella, Calif.
“Glider enthusiasts come from all over the world,” he said. “You can`t believe it until you see and hear it—gliders weighing, say 30 pounds, zooming at 450 miles per hour. The high-frequency whizzing sound of these gliders is incredible.”
Soon Richardson`s mind was calculating. Albatrosses reach average speeds of 36 mph, he said, but dynamic soaring would allow them to fly much faster if the high speeds didn`t cause excessive force on their wings. The wings of R/C gliders, however, are stronger. “Could dynamic soaring be used by an unmanned aerial vehicle for high-speed flight over the ocean?” Richardson pondered.
He pursued this line of inquiry, and the results were two new research papers published April and June 2012 in a journal that rarely gets submissions from oceanographers: R/C Soaring Digest.
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